© 2018 Elsevier Inc.Īuthor keywords Cell toxicity Ecotoxicity Folsomia candida Fungicide Nanoemulsion Indexed keywords EMTREE drug terms:ĭichlorofluorescein eugenol mancozeb nanomaterial eugenol fungicide mancozeb maneb nanocapsule zinebĪgricultural application cytology dose-response relationship ecotoxicology emulsion fungicide genotoxicity nanomaterial safety toxicity testĪcidity Article biosafety cell viability chemical composition chemical parameters chronic toxicity controlled study cytotoxicity cytotoxicity test dispersity ecotoxicity emulsion genotoxicity human human cell nanoemulsion nanoencapsulation particle size physical chemistry solubility toxicity testing zeta potential animal arthropod cell survival chemistry DNA damage drug effect drug potentiation growth, development and aging mononuclear cell Phyllachorales soilĬollembola Folsomia candida Glomerella cingulata Syzygium aromaticum VitaceaeĪnimals Arthropods Cell Survival DNA Damage Drug Synergism Emulsions Eugenol Fungicides, Industrial Humans Leukocytes, Mononuclear Maneb Nanocapsules Particle Size Phyllachorales Soil Toxicity Tests Zinebĭichlorofluorescein, 1,, 2, 76-54-0, 81-87-8 eugenol, 97-53-0 mancozeb, maneb, 1 zineb, 1 Įmulsions Eugenol Fungicides, Industrial mancozeb Maneb Nanocapsules Soil Zineb Funding detailsĬoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorĬonselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Therefore, from the tests performed, it was possible to observe that nanoencapsulation of Mancozeb and Eugenol is a safe alternative for the application of these compounds mainly in agriculture.
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In the ecotoxicity tests, both free Mancozeb and Eugenol forms presented high toxic potential for soil, whereas the nanoencapsulation of these compounds did not cause a reduction in number of springtails. The nanoencapsulation was able to avoid the reduction of the cell viability caused by Mancozeb, while Eugenol was shown to be safe for cell use in both free and nanostructured forms, however the association of the two active compounds showed toxicity in the higher doses of Mancozeb. After preparation, the physicochemical characterization of the nanoemulsions were performed which presented mean particle size between 200 and 300 nm, polydispersity index less than 0.3, negative zeta potential and acid pH. Nanoemulsions were developed by the spontaneous emulsification method, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were evaluated in healthy human cells through MTT, Dichlorofluorescein diacetate and Picogreen tests, and ecotoxicity assessment was carried out using the chronic toxicity test in springtails. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop nanoemulsions containing Mancozeb (0.1 mg/mL) and Eugenol (33 mg/mL), isolated or associated, and evaluate the safety of these formulations through cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and ecotoxicity tests. The nanoencapsulation of Mancozeb and Eugenol is a possible strategy to overcome the limitations of toxicity, solubility and instability of these compounds. cingulata, however, Eugenol is susceptible to degradation processes which may compromise its efficacy. An alternative could be the use of clove oil, which has Eugenol as its major compound, and has antifungal potential against G. Strategies are sought to reduce the toxicity of this fungicide and alternative treatments are welcome. Mancozeb is a fungicide widely used in agriculture, mostly against the pathogen Glomerella cingulata responsible for the rot of ripe grape, but presents high toxicity.
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