Participants indicated their own level of homophobia, both overt and implicit in word-completion tasks, students wrote down the first three words that came to mind when prompted with some of the words' letters.
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Questionnaires also teased out the parenting style the participants were exposed to, with students asked how much they agreed or disagreed with statements such as: "I felt controlled and pressured in certain ways " and "I felt free to be who I am." To gauge homophobia in a household, students responded to items such as, "It would be upsetting for my mom to find out she was alone with a lesbian" or "My dad avoids gay men whenever possible." In another experiment, the researchers measured implicit sexual orientation by having participants choose to browse same-sex or opposite-sex photos on a computer screen. The researchers said quicker reaction time for "me" and "gay," and a slower association of "me" with "straight" would indicate said an implicit gay orientation. Before each trial, participants were primed with the word "me" or "others" flashed momentarily onto a computer screen. Words included "gay," "straight," "homosexual" and "heterosexual," while the pictures showed straight and gay couples. The studies involved college students from Germany and the United States.įor the implicit measure, students had to categorize words and pictures flashed onto a computer screen into "gay" or "straight" groups. In four studies, the researchers looked at the discrepancies between what people say about their sexual orientation and their implicit sexual orientation based on a reaction-time test.
Ryan cautioned, however, that this link is only one source of anti-gay sentiments. "In addition, it appears that sometimes those who would oppress others have been oppressed themselves, and we can have some compassion for them too, they may be unaccepting of others because they cannot be accepting of themselves." "Sometimes people are threatened by gays and lesbians because they are fearing their own impulses, in a sense they 'doth protest too much,'" Ryan told LiveScience. The research, published in the April 2012 issue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, reveals the nuances of prejudices like homophobia, which can ultimately have dire consequences. "Those intense emotions should serve as a call to self-reflection." "This study shows that if you are feeling that kind of visceral reaction to an out-group, ask yourself, 'Why?'" co-author Richard Ryan, a professor of psychology at the University of Rochester, said in a statement. The prejudice of homophobia may also stem from authoritarian parents, particularly those with homophobic views as well, the researchers added. Homophobes should consider a little self-reflection, suggests a new study finding those individuals who are most hostile toward gays and hold strong anti-gay views may themselves have same-sex desires, albeit undercover ones.
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